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Anthracene-Assisted Morphology Optimization in Photoactive Layer for High-Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells

Hongyu Fan¹,Hang Yang¹,Yue Wu¹,Okan Yildiz²,Xianming Zhu¹,Tomasz Marszalek^2,3,Paul W.M. Blom²,Chaohua Cui^2,*（崔超华）,Yongfang Li^1，4

¹Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic MaterialsCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China

²Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany

³Department of Molecular PhysicsFaculty of ChemistryLodz University of TechnologyZeromskiego 116, Lodz 90–924,

⁴Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190, China

Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2103944

Currently, morphology optimization methods for the fused-ring nonfullerene acceptor-based polymer solar cells (PSCs) empirically follow the treatments originally developed in fullerene-based systems, being unable to meet the diverse molecular structures and strong crystallinity of the nonfullerene acceptors. Herein, a new and universal morphology controlling method is developed by applying volatilizable anthracene as solid additive. The strong crystallinity of anthracene offers the possibility to restrict the over aggregation of fused-ring nonfullerene acceptor in the process of film formation. During the kinetic process of anthracene removal in the blend under thermal annealing, donor can imbed into the remaining space of anthracene in the acceptor matrix to form well-developed nanoscale phase separation with bi-continuous interpenetrating networks. Consequently, the treatment of anthracene additive enables the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PM6:Y6-based devices to 17.02%, which is a significant improvement with regard to the PCE of 15.60% for the reference device using conventional treatments. Moreover, this morphology controlling method exhibits general application in various active layer systems to achieve better photovoltaic performance. Particularly, a remarkable PCE of 17.51% is achieved in the ternary PTQ10:Y6:PC71BM-based PSCs processed by anthracene additive. The morphology optimization strategy established in this work can offer unprecedented opportunities to build state-of-the-art PSCs.